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Methods in Genetics and Clinical Interpretation

Determination of Paraoxonase 1 Status Without the Use of Toxic Organophosphate Substrates

Rebecca J. Richter, BS; Gail P. Jarvik, MD, PhD and Clement E. Furlong, PhD

From the Department, of Medicine–Division of Medical Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

Correspondence to Clement E. Furlong, Medical Genetics, Box 357720, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7720. E-mail clem@u.washington.edu

Key Words: enzymes • genetics • lipoproteins • pharmacokinetics

An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract.

	Introduction

 
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a member of a tandem 3-gene family localized on human chromosome 7q21-22.¹ High-density lipoprotein-associated PON1^2,3 and PON3^4,5 are synthesized primarily in the liver, whereas PON2 is ubiquitously expressed.¹ PON1 was initially characterized and named for its ability to hydrolyze paraoxon, the toxic oxon metabolite of parathion.⁶ Although Aldridge⁶ proposed in 1953 that serum paraoxonase (POase) and arylesterase (AREase) activities were carried out by the same enzyme, controversy about 1 versus 2 enzymes persisted for many years, resulting in a reclassification of POase/AREase from EC 3.1.1.2 to EC 3.1.8.1 for PON1 as an example of an organophosphorus (OP) hydrolase.⁷ The controversy was finally settled when Sorenson et al⁸ demonstrated both activities in recombinant PON1. However, the revised nomenclature remains in place. Early studies of plasma PON1 found a large variability of POase activity among different species and in different tissues.⁶ Serum POase activity distribution studies in human populations revealed an activity polymorphism of high versus low POase activity. Studies on the polymorphic distribution of PON1 in human populations using a variety of different assays revealed bi or trimodal distributions of plasma POase activity (reviewed in Ref. ⁹).

Editorial see p 79

Our initial characterization of the human PON1 cDNA clones revealed 2 coding region polymorphisms Q192R and L55 M.¹⁰ Subsequently, it was shown that the Q192R polymorphism determined high versus low rates of paraoxon hydrolysis by the enzyme, with the PON1_R192 alloform specifying high activity.^11,12 After the demonstration that high-density lipoprotein-associated PON1 was implicated . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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				J. Loscalzo Paraoxonase and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: Language Misleads, Linkage Misinforms, Function Clarifies Circ Cardiovasc Genet, December 1, 2008; 1(2): 79 - 80. [Full Text] [PDF]